Suomen kieli (Yhdyssanat. Tuleeko a vai ä)

In Finnish, the decision to use "a" or "ä" in compound words (yhdyssanat) depends on the vowel harmony rules, which are central to Finnish spelling and pronunciation. Here’s how it works:

Vowel Harmony in Finnish

Finnish vowels are divided into two groups based on vowel harmony:

• Front vowels: ä, ö, y
• Back vowels: a, o, u
• Neutral vowels: e, i

Rule for Compound Words

When forming a compound word, the vowels in the suffix or the second part of the compound must match the vowel harmony of the first part.

1. Back vowels (a, o, u):

   • If the first part of the compound word contains any back vowels (a, o, u), the suffix or the second part of the word should also use back vowels.
   • Example:
     • Pöytä (table) + lamppu (lamp) = Pöytälamppua (table lamp)

2. Front vowels (ä, ö, y):

   • If the first part of the compound word contains any front vowels (ä, ö, y), the suffix or the second part of the word should also use front vowels.
   • Example:
     • ruoka (food) + pöytä (table) = Ruokapöytä (food table)

3. Neutral vowels (e, i):

   • Neutral vowels (e, i) can be combined with either front or back vowels, depending on the other vowels present in the word.
   • Example:
     • meri (sea) + mies (man) = merimies (seaman)

Exceptions

Some compound words are borrowed from other languages or have irregular vowel harmony, but these are rare.

By following these rules, you can determine whether to use "a" or "ä" in the compound words.

Here’s a detailed explanation for more words:

Pöytälamppu - The correct choice is "a".

"Pöytä" contains front vowels (ö, ä), but "lamppu" contains back vowels (a, u). Because "lamppu" dominates the vowel harmony rule for the suffix, "a" is used.
Pöytälamppua

Ruokapöytä - The correct choice is "ä".

Both "ruoka" (a, o) and "pöytä" (ö, ä) are part of the compound word, but since "pöytä" ends with "ä", you continue with "ä".
Ruokapöytää

Rullaverho - The correct choice is "a".

"Rulla" (u, a) and "verho" (o) both contain back vowels. The suffix that follows should have "a" to match the back vowels.
Rullaverhoa

Vaatekaappi - The correct choice is "a".

"Vaate" (a) and "kaappi" (a) both contain back vowels, so "a" is used to maintain harmony.
Vaatekaappia

Kirjahylly - The correct choice is "ä".

"Kirja" (i, a) has mixed vowels, but "hylly" (y) has front vowels. The suffix that follows should use "ä" to match the front vowels.
Kirjahyllyä

Parisänky - The correct choice is "ä".

"Pari" (a) and "sänky" (ä, y) have a combination of vowels, with the second part having front vowels. So, "ä" is used to maintain vowel harmony.
Parisänkyä

Työtuoli - The correct choice is "a".

"Työ" (ö) contains a front vowel, but "tuoli" (o) contains back vowels, making "a" the correct choice for vowel harmony.
Työtuolia

Päiväpeitto - The correct choice is "a".

"Päivä" (ä, i) contains front vowels, but "peitto" (o) contains back vowels. Therefore, "a" is used to maintain vowel harmony.
Päiväpeittoa

Summary: The choice between "a" and "ä" in the blanks is based on the vowel harmony of the words. If the word contains back vowels (a, o, u), "a" is used. If the word contains front vowels (ä, ö, y), "ä" is used. This rule helps ensure that words in Finnish are phonetically harmonious.

Suomen Kieli (Kysymys)

Kysymys/Question

1. Kuka?

Question: Kuka sinä olet?
Translation: Who are you?
Usage: "Kuka" is used to ask about a person’s identity. It’s typically used when you want to know who someone is.

2. Mikä?

Question: Mikä tämä on?
Translation: What is this?
Usage: "Mikä" is used to ask about the identity of a thing or concept. It’s typically used when you want to know what something is.

3. Mitä?

Question: Mitä sinä teet?
Translation: What are you doing?
Usage: "Mitä" is used to ask about an action or activity. It’s often used when you want to know what someone is doing.

4. Milloin?

Question: Milloin tapaamme?
Translation: When will we meet?
Usage: "Milloin" is used to ask about time. It’s used when you want to know when something will happen.

5. Minkämaalainen?

Question: Minkämaalainen sinä olet?
Translation: What is your nationality?
Usage: "Minkämaalainen" is used to ask about someone’s nationality or country of origin.

6. Missä?

Question: Missä sinä asut?
Translation: Where do you live?
Usage: "Missä" is used to ask about location. It’s used when you want to know where something or someone is.

7. Mistä?

Question: Mistä sinä tulet?
Translation: Where are you coming from?
Usage: "Mistä" is used to ask about the origin or source of something. It’s typically used to inquire where someone or something is coming from.

8. Mihin?

Question: Mihin sinä menet?
Translation: Where are you going?
Usage: "Mihin" is used to ask about the direction or destination. It’s used when you want to know where someone or something is headed.

9. Miksi?

Question: Miksi sinä olet täällä?
Translation: Why are you here?
Usage: "Miksi" is used to ask about the reason or cause of something. It’s used when you want to know why something is happening.

10. Kuinka?

Question: Kuinka vanha sinä olet?
Translation: How old are you?
Usage: "Kuinka" is used to ask about the manner, degree, or extent of something. It’s often used with questions about quantities or measurements.

11. Miten?

Question: Miten sinä voit?
Translation: How are you?
Usage: "Miten" is used to ask about the manner or way in which something is done. It’s typically used to inquire how someone is feeling or how something is done.

Summary of Usage:

• Kuka: To ask about a person’s identity.
• Mikä: To ask about what something is.
• Mitä: To ask about an action.
• Milloin: To ask about time.
• Minkämaalainen: To ask about nationality.
• Missä: To ask about a location.
• Mistä: To ask about the origin.
• Mihin: To ask about the destination.
• Miksi: To ask about the reason.
• Kuinka: To ask about quantity or degree.
• Miten: To ask about the manner or way.

These words are essential for forming questions in Finnish and are used based on the context of what information you are seeking.

Change priority of dual boot OS

Change priority of dual boot OS  (Windows and Linux):

Go to your Linux OS, install Grub customizer.

Then change priority by up and down arrow key and press save.

Show your current git branch name in Ubuntu or Zorin terminal

Put the below lines to .bashrc script:

Note: bashrc file will be found here: ~/.bashrc

# Show git branch name

force_color_prompt=yes

color_prompt=yes

parse_git_branch() {

 git branch 2> /dev/null | sed -e '/^[^*]/d' -e 's/* \(.*\)/(\1)/'

}

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then

 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[01;31m\]$(parse_git_branch)\[\033[00m\]\$ '

else

 PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w$(parse_git_branch)\$ '

fi

unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

Then hit save and enjoy!

Make your window center in Ubuntu or Zorin OS

Make your window center in Ubuntu or Zorin OS by below command:

gsettings set org.gnome.mutter center-new-windows true

Hit enter

You're done!

Switch PHP version in Ubuntu OS or Zorin OS

First check where is installed your PHP by the below command:

$ which php

See PHP version by below command:

$ php -v

As I've installed PHP version 7.4 and 8.1. I will try to install another PHP version 

and that is 8.2, then we'll switch from 8.1 to 8.2.

Add a software package to install new version or older version of PHP by below command:

$ sudo apt install software-properties-common

Now run the below command to add that repository:

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

Now install PHP 8.2 by below command:

$ sudo apt install php8.2

Now you need to switch PHP version, first run by below command to see PHP list:

$ sudo update-alternatives --config php

And then finally you can switch PHP version by entering selection number and hit enter.

.:Happy Coding:.

Install LAMP stack on Linux(Ubuntu OS, Zorin OS etc) for local development environment

Step 1:
---------------------

Install apache2 by below command:

sudo apt install apache2

Step 2:

---------------------

Install PHP 7.4:

First, need to enable/add a package for php 7.4 by below command:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

sudo apt update

sudo apt install php7.4 php7.4-cli php7.4-common php7.4-json php7.4-opcache php7.4-mysql php7.4-mbstring php7.4-curl php7.4-xml

By the below command, you can change PHP version if you have multiple versions of PHP:

sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php7.4

Restart apache server:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

Step 3:

---------------------

Install composer by below command:

sudo apt install composer

Step 4:

---------------------

Apache document root folder is: /var/www/html

No write permission to this html folder.

Run below command to change ownership of this html folder:

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/html

Step 5:

---------------------

Add user to apache server by below command:

sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Need to change these below two lines with your linux user name:

User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}

Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}

To

User $USER

Group $USER

Save and restart apache service:

sudo service apache2 restart

Step 6:

---------------------

Install Mysql Database by below command:

sudo apt install mysql-server

Now secure Mysql by below command:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

N, Y, Y, Y, Y

Add Mysql root password permission:

sudo mysql

ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'your password';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

exit;

Step 7:

---------------------

Install phpmyadmin

Go to phpmyadmin.net and download zip to /var/www/html folder 

and unzip it and rename to phpmyadmin.

Then access phpmyadmin with this URL: http://localhost/phpmyadmin

You will get phpmyadmin login page.

Optional:

=======

Few important commands to switch PHP version:

sudo update-alternatives --config php

sudo a2dismod php8.1

sudo a2enmod php7.4

sudo service apache2 restart

Sometimes you may face 404 not found in all inner pages of your websites 

then follow below step to solve it:

Open /etc/apache2/apache2.conf by below command:

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

then edit below line specially AllowOverride none to AllowOverride All:

<Directory /var/www/html>

Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

AllowOverride All

Require all granted

</Directory>

Then save and restart apache.

.:The End:.